General recommendations
Introduction: Reporting obligations (Article 62)
1. The Arab Republic of Egypt (Egypt) is a State Party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (the African Charter), ratified on 3 April 1984.
2. In accordance with Article 62 of the African Charter, Egypt presented its initial Periodic Report at the 11th Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (the Commission), held from 2 to 9 March 1992, in Tunis, Tunisia.
3. Subsequently, the 7th - 8th Periodic Report was considered by the Commission during its 37th Ordinary Session held in Banjul (The Gambia) from 27 April to 11 May 2005 and the 9th – 17th Periodic Report (2001-2017) during the 64th Ordinary Session of the African Commission, held from 24 April to 14 May 2019 in Sharm El Sheikh, Arab Republic of Egypt. The relating Concluding Observations were adopted at the 31st Extraordinary Session, held virtually from 19 to 25 February 2021.
4. Egypt submitted its 18th - 19th Combined Periodic Report under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 2019-2024 (the Report under review) in May 20251. The same was reviewed on 25 and 27 October 2025, during the 85th Ordinary Session of the African Commission, held in Banjul from 21 to 30 October 2025.
5. A high-level Egyptian Delegation2 led by H.E. Ambassador Khaled Elbakly, Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chair of the Technical Committee for Human Rights, represented the State Party during the review, which was marked by a frank and constructive dialogue with the members of the Commission.
6. At the end of the interactive dialogue, the Egyptian Delegation undertook to provide the Commission with more information in writing and sent a written contribution on 1st December 2025.
7. The Commission wishes to commend the State Party for its strong engagement in State Reporting, under Article 62 of the African Charter.
8. The Commission takes note with appreciation of the participatory and inclusive process that led to the preparation of the Periodic Report under review, through the Permanent High Commission for Human Rights, established in 2020 by a decision of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, which includes all Ministries and Government agencies concerned with human rights, under the leadership of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (paragraph 2).
9. Whilst appreciating the State Periodic Report, the present Concluding Observations reflect positive aspects and factors limiting the enjoyment of human rights in Egypt. They also highlight the areas of concern identified through the review of the Report and the additional information provided subsequently.
10. Finally, the Commission presents recommendations to Egypt on measures necessary to strengthen the enjoyment of human rights by all Egyptians as guaranteed by the African Charter, as well as other relevant regional and international instruments.
Recommendation: Egypt should: Continue the State Party's commitment to the submission of Periodic Reports, in accordance with the relevant ACHPR Guidelines on State Reporting.
